PlantSME Plant secondary metabolism enzyme database
PAL

PAL

Phenylpropanoid-entry shared module: PAL/4CL/C4H are expected shared entry families across phenylpropanoid-derived libraries.

Atlas summary family PAL.

Lineage Coverage
Detected in 752 of 789 public species; click a lineage to inspect its species list.
Algae
Bryophytes
Lycophytes/Ferns
Gymnosperms
Basal angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Species Distribution
Triticum turgidum
Aegilops tauschii
Triticum aestivum
Hordeum vulgare
Related Modules
Flavonoid pathway
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Rosmarinic acid pathway
Pathway Position Map
Pathways are arranged by literature-curated biosynthetic stages and highlight the current enzyme family; branched pathways are grouped by stage rather than forced into one linear reaction chain.
Curated order
Flavonoid pathway 7015 current-family members Mao et al. 2025; Gulzar et al. 2024; Vogt 2010
Phenylpropanoid entry
PAL 7015 C4H 464 4CL 25907
Flavonoid scaffold formation
CHS 11738 CHI 3089
Flavone and isoflavonoid branches
FNS 359 IFS 541 IFR 11814
Dihydroflavonol branches
F3H 4697 F3'H/CYP75B 1332 F3'5'H/CYP75A 247 FLS 124
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches
DFR 1310 ANS/LDOX 1019 UFGT 106747 ANR 1183
Phenylpropanoid pathway 7015 current-family members Vogt 2010; Vanholme et al. 2013; Tobimatsu & Schuetz 2019; Zhao et al. 2013
Entry backbone
PAL 7015 C4H/CYP73A 432 4CL 25910
Hydroxycinnamoyl and monolignol backbone
HCT 14877 C3'H/CYP98A 10198 CSE 29610 CCoAOMT 6839 CCR 4440
S/G branch and monolignol formation
F5H/CYP84A 306 COMT 22394 CAD 17134
Oxidative polymerization
LAC 28156 POD 122923
Rosmarinic acid pathway 7015 current-family members Petersen & Simmonds 2003; Huang et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2004; Berger et al. 2006; Eberle et al. 2009
Phenylalanine donor branch
PAL 7015 C4H 48992 4CL 25914
Tyrosine acceptor branch
TAT 14219 HPPR 5065
Condensation and hydroxylation
RAS 13433 CPR 5870
Family Gene List
GeneSpeciesProtein ID
fragaria_chiloensis_maker-7C-augustus-gene-159.6-mRNA-1 fragaria_chiloensis fragaria_chiloensis_maker-7C-augustus-gene-159.6-mRNA-1
fragaria_chiloensis_maker-7D-augustus-gene-69.2-mRNA-1 fragaria_chiloensis fragaria_chiloensis_maker-7D-augustus-gene-69.2-mRNA-1
fragaria_iinumae_evm.model.scaf_4.2595 fragaria_iinumae fragaria_iinumae_evm.model.scaf_4.2595
fragaria_iinumae_evm.model.scaf_41.580 fragaria_iinumae fragaria_iinumae_evm.model.scaf_41.580
fragaria_iinumae_evm.model.scaf_46.382 fragaria_iinumae fragaria_iinumae_evm.model.scaf_46.382
fragaria_iinumae_evm.model.scaf_54.508 fragaria_iinumae fragaria_iinumae_evm.model.scaf_54.508
fragaria_iinumae_evm.model.scaf_91.964 fragaria_iinumae fragaria_iinumae_evm.model.scaf_91.964
fragaria_mandshurica_evm.model.chr0.922 fragaria_mandshurica fragaria_mandshurica_evm.model.chr0.922
fragaria_mandshurica_evm.model.chr0.923 fragaria_mandshurica fragaria_mandshurica_evm.model.chr0.923
fragaria_mandshurica_evm.model.chr6.1292 fragaria_mandshurica fragaria_mandshurica_evm.model.chr6.1292
fragaria_mandshurica_evm.model.chr6.4053 fragaria_mandshurica fragaria_mandshurica_evm.model.chr6.4053
fragaria_mandshurica_evm.model.chr7.1405 fragaria_mandshurica fragaria_mandshurica_evm.model.chr7.1405
fragaria_mandshurica_evm.model.chr7.1406 fragaria_mandshurica fragaria_mandshurica_evm.model.chr7.1406
FnilGWHABKC000000010014920.1 fragaria_nilgerrensis FnilGWHABKC000000010014920.1
FnilGWHABKC000000040151670.1 fragaria_nilgerrensis FnilGWHABKC000000040151670.1
FnilGWHABKC000000060235650.1 fragaria_nilgerrensis FnilGWHABKC000000060235650.1
fragaria_nipponica_maker-chr6-augustus-gene-399.8-mRNA-1 fragaria_nipponica fragaria_nipponica_maker-chr6-augustus-gene-399.8-mRNA-1
fragaria_nipponica_maker-chr7-augustus-gene-225.113-mRNA-1 fragaria_nipponica fragaria_nipponica_maker-chr7-augustus-gene-225.113-mRNA-1
fragaria_nubicola_evm.model.ctg129.357 fragaria_nubicola fragaria_nubicola_evm.model.ctg129.357
fragaria_nubicola_evm.model.ctg54.99 fragaria_nubicola fragaria_nubicola_evm.model.ctg54.99
fragaria_nubicola_evm.model.ctg77.104 fragaria_nubicola fragaria_nubicola_evm.model.ctg77.104
Fves03G0049980.1 fragaria_vesca Fves03G0049980.1
Fves03G0049980.2 fragaria_vesca Fves03G0049980.2
Fves06G0020650.1 fragaria_vesca Fves06G0020650.1
Fves06G0055070.1 fragaria_vesca Fves06G0055070.1
Fves07G0004030.1 fragaria_vesca Fves07G0004030.1
Fves07G0018340.1 fragaria_vesca Fves07G0018340.1
fragaria_x_ananassa_maker-Fvb2-3-snap-gene-59.61-mRNA-1 fragaria_x_ananassa fragaria_x_ananassa_maker-Fvb2-3-snap-gene-59.61-mRNA-1
fragaria_x_ananassa_maker-Fvb6-1-augustus-gene-255.38-mRNA-1 fragaria_x_ananassa fragaria_x_ananassa_maker-Fvb6-1-augustus-gene-255.38-mRNA-1
fragaria_x_ananassa_maker-Fvb6-1-augustus-gene-48.61-mRNA-1 fragaria_x_ananassa fragaria_x_ananassa_maker-Fvb6-1-augustus-gene-48.61-mRNA-1